Weigh real objects on a digital balance, find volume with a ruler or by water displacement, calculate density, then predict and test whether each one floats or sinks.

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Build atoms from protons, neutrons and electrons in 3D and see the element, isotope, charge and stability change, then bond atoms into molecules, salt crystals, diamond and quartz.

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Find any place on Earth with latitude and longitude: drop a pin on a 3D globe, find latitude with Polaris, find longitude with time, and meet the key lines.

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Follow a rock through weathering, burial, heat and pressure, melting and cooling: a crust landscape, a cycle diagram, a Rock Journey game, grain-scale zoom and class tools.

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Pick a star's mass and watch it live its life, from nebula to white dwarf, neutron star or black hole, while its path traces across the Reference Tables H-R diagram.

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Stretch a planet's orbit and watch it speed up near the Sun, see equal areas in equal times, measure the foci and major axis to calculate eccentricity, compare real orbits and switch off gravity.

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Watch P and S waves race to three seismographs, measure the lag times, read distances on the Reference Tables travel time chart with a sliding paper edge, then draw circles to find the epicenter.

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Ten chapters on minerals, the three rock families, the rock cycle and reading the order of events in rock layers. Nearly 100 drawn figures, about 70 photographs, practice in every chapter with full answer keys, and terms that match the NYS Earth Science Reference Tables. Written for readers about 11 to 18.

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Earth science you can explore. Sammartano.Science is a free site with 20+ interactive simulations, a digital textbook, and a video library for middle and high school Earth and space science. In this video: - Topographic maps: raise and carve terrain in 3D, then read it as a contour map - Weather fr…

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Earth science you can explore. Sammartano.Science is a free site with 20+ interactive simulations, a digital textbook, and a video library for middle and high school Earth and space science. - Topographic maps: raise and carve terrain in 3D, then read it as a contour map - Weather fronts: watch col…

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Dissolve limestone in a 3D cut-away block: set rain, temperature, acidity, rock type and the water table, watch caves, sinkholes and dripstone form, then visit 14 real karst places on a world map.

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The Pacific Ocean is heating up, and a strong El Niño is underway. But what actually sets off this massive climate pattern? It all starts with a hidden underwater phenomenon: The Kelvin Wave. In this video, we break down: How Earth's spin and the Coriolis Effect trap Kelvin waves along the Equator.…

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Build a US weather map with highs, lows, fronts and air masses, add radar, wind, jet streams and satellite, then forecast tomorrow.

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See how glaciers flow, the types they come in, how they carve valleys and the evidence they leave behind.

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Explore waves, longshore drift, jetties, breakwaters, sea cliffs and rising seas on a 3D coast.

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Watch a waterfall undercut its soft rock, collapse and carve a gorge in a 3D block diagram.

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Build a 3D rock block layer by layer, then order events with superposition, cross-cutting, unconformities, index fossils and half-life dating.

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See how solar and lunar eclipses happen: shadow cones, the Moon's tilted orbit, and the view from the ground.

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Watch evaporation, clouds, rain, snow, runoff and groundwater in a 3D block diagram driven by one Sun slider.

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Sculpt terrain in 3D and read it as a contour map, side by side.

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Watch cold, warm, occluded and stationary fronts in 3D, then read the same storm on a weather map.

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Push plates together and apart to build mountains, trenches and volcanoes.

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Explore 3D rock and mineral samples. Spin, zoom and compare them up close.

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Cut open a true-scale 3D Earth, send a probe to the center, watch the mantle churn and follow earthquake waves through the layers.

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Zoom from the smallest particles to the whole universe and see how big everything really is.

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Rewind the continents to Pangaea and watch them drift apart.

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Look inside a stream: watch grains of every size move as the water speeds up, then see meanders, deltas and graded beds form.

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Learn to read weather station models, with live observations from real airports.

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See why Earth has seasons: tilt, orbit and sunlight, side by side.

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See what a number looks like, with dots you can arrange, color and measure.

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Guided practice for all 23 tables of the Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables, written for geology, meteorology and astronomy. Print and ebook on Amazon, PDF on Teachers Pay Teachers.

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Porosity and permeability sound alike, but they're not the same thing. Porosity is how much water a sediment can hold. Permeability is how easily water flows through it. We pour water through gravel, sand, and clay, then zoom in on the pore spaces to see the difference. Clay can hold even more wate…

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1️⃣ Layers or grains → Sedimentary (sandstone, shale, conglomerate… and fossils are a big clue!) 2️⃣ Interlocking crystals, glass or gas holes → Igneous (granite, obsidian, pumice) 3️⃣ Wavy bands or a mica sheen → Metamorphic (gneiss, schist) Test the next rock you find and tell me what you discove…

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Heat always flows from hot to cold, but HOW does it travel? One hot pot shows all three ways: 🥄 Conduction, heat passed along by touch (the spoon handle) 💧 Convection, heat carried by moving fluid (warm water rises, cool water sinks) ☀️ Radiation, heat that travels as infrared light (no touching,…

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An animated tour of the water cycle on Earth, covering evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and collection. A clear, visual review of how water moves between the oceans, the air, and the land, made for Earth Science students, NYS Regents prep, and middle an…

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Motion along a transform plate boundary.

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A continent-continent collision zone.

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A quick look at subduction zones and the hazards associated with them

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382 pages on reading the tables, graphs and maps in Earth and space science. Get it here: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0HJBFWY1T Most students can find a number in a table. Fewer can use that number to explain what's going on. That is what this book works on. WHAT IS IN IT 23 tables, each with its ow…

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A clip from "An Introduction to Rocks and Minerals"

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The final clip from the "Theory of Continental Drift"

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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What is the rock cycle? A quick look at how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks change over time, and the processes that drive the cycle. Made for Earth Science students, NYS Regents prep, and middle and high school science classes. Subscribe for more Earth Science lessons: https://www.yout…

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What is geology? An introduction to the scientific study of the Earth, its rocks, and the processes that shape it. Made for Earth Science students, NYS Regents prep, and middle and high school science classes. Subscribe for more Earth Science lessons: https://www.youtube.com/@mikesammartano?sub_con…

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A Quick Look at the mineral Beryl.

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A Quick Look at this amazing purple version of the mineral Quartz - Amethyst.

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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A comprehensive overview of basic geology: what minerals are, how to identify them, what rocks are, and the three main rock types, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Made for Earth Science students, NYS Regents prep, and middle and high school science classes. Download the flow charts (black an…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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New on Amazon: Earth and Space Sciences Reference Tables Workbook, 2026 Edition. All 23 tables, 300+ pages of learning including 900+ practice questions, worked answers. Get a copy here: https://a.co/d/07IowgmJ Also, check out my new, free online Earth Science textbook here: MikeSammartano.com/scie…

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